Endnotes
1 Universal Declaration on Human Rights, adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 217A (III) on 10 December 1948.
2 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2200A(XXI), 16 December 1966, entered into force on 23 March 1976.
3 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2200A(XXI), 16 December 1966, entered into force on 3 January 1976.
4 The President of the PRC, Jiang Zemin, claimed in a press release of the PRC's mission to the UN, 8 April 1997, that the PRC will sign the ICESCR by the end of 1997.
5 China's Initial Report to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, 1994, p. 4.
6 Ibid.
7 Tibet Information Network News Release, February 4, 1997.
8 Ibid.
9 The entrance examination for university language courses has to date been conducted in Tibetan. However it was reported in TIN News Release of February 4,1997, that this was to be replaced with Chinese examinations.
10 Reported by Tashi Tsering, an English teacher at Lhasa's Tibet University, in a petition dated 20 February 1986 to the Chinese authorities; Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts, The Department of Information and International Relations, Central Tibetan Administration, Dharamsala : 1996 (3rd Ed.), pp. 67 -68.
11 Tibet Review (No. 2, 1986)
12 Tibet: From 1951 to 1991, New Star Publisher, Beijing 1991, p.82.
13 Tibet Review
14 Written Replies by the Government of China Concerning the List of Issues (CRC/C.12/WP.5) Received from the Committee on the Rights of the Child in Connection with the Initial Report of China (CRC/C/11/Add.7), 17 May 1996, [hereinafter "Written Replies"] reply to question 23, p. 31
15 Tibet Review, op. cit.
16 Tibet: From 1951 to 1991, op. cit., p.82.
17 Tibet Review, op. cit.
18 The figure of 73% was given by Baroness Ewart-Biggs, "Report to the TIN British Parliamentary Debate on Tibet", 13 December 1989; an adult literacy rate of 21.7% is given in Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts, op. cit., pp. 59-60.
19 TIN Supplement: "Material and Spiritual Construction:Economic Development and the Propaganda Offensive", London, Tibet Information Network, February 20, 1990, p.5.
20 Tibet: 1951-1991, op. cit., p. 85.
21 Written Replies, op. cit., reply to question 23, p. 31.
22 See text related to endnote 11.
23 Written Replies, op. cit., reply to question 22, p.29.
24 This is the figure used in question 23 addressed to China by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Written Replies, p.30
25 Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts, op.cit. p. 66.
26 Similarly, article 2 of ICESCR: The States Parties to the present Covenant recognise that, with a view to achieving the full realisation of this right: a. primary education shall be compulsory and available free for all.
27 Article 45 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China
28 Article 4 of the Compulsory Education Act
29 "Persistent Human Rights Violations in Tibet", Amnesty International, May 1995, p. 2.
30 Written Replies, reply to question 23, p. 31.
31 Ibid.
32 Art. 10 of the PRC's Compulsory Education Act states: "The State shall not charge tuition fees for students attending compulsory education."
33 Written Replies, op. cit., reply to question 21, p. 28.
34 Ibid., reply to question 6, p. 7.
35 Ibid., reply to question 21, pp. 28-29.
36 Article 2 (b) of ICESCR: "secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education"
37 Committee on the Rights of the Child, Twelfth Session, "Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: China", 7 June 1996, CRC/C/15/Add.56, [hereinafter "Concluding Observations], para. 40.
38 Article 2 (c) of ICESCR: "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education"
39 A ration card is a type of registration card issued by the Chinese authorities with which families get their food supply.
40 Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, Press Release, "The Sinocisation of Tibetan Students: China's Latest Suppression of Tibetan Language in Schools", 23 June 1997.
41 Tibet Information Network News Update, 31 December 1996, p.3.
42 Ibid.
43 Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts, op. cit., p.68.
44 Ibid.
45 This student was taught for five years in this "unknown language".
46 World Tibet Network News, Press Release, May 7, 1997.
47 UNESCO General Conference, December 14, 1960.
48 "The International Law on the Rights of the Child", Geraldine Van Bueren, Martinus Nyhoff Publishers, 1995, p. 246.
49 "The Right to Education", Manfred Nowak, in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Asbjorn Eide, Caterina Krause, Allan Rosas (eds.), Martinus Nyhoff Publishers, 1995, p. 202.
50 Concluding Observations, op. cit., para. 19
51 Ibid., para. 40
52 "Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties Under Article 9 of the Convention, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: China", 20 August 1996, para 16.
53 CRC Initial Report of China to the Committe on the Rights of the Child, 1994, p. 35.
54 Tibet Review (No. 2, 1986).
55 Taken from an interview conducted in June 1997 in Dharamsala, India, with a former nun from Nyen village (name withheld). Full interview reproduced in TCHRD Human Rights Update, Vol. II: No. 12, June 30,1997.
56 World Parliamentarians Convention on Tibet, New Delhi, 20 March 1994: New Delhi Statement on Tibetan Freedom; International Resolutions and Recognitions on Tibet (1959 to 1997) (3rd Ed.), Department of Information and International Relations, Dharamsala, 1997, p.137.
57 Concluding Observations, op. cit., para. 20.
58 For details see "Tibet: One More Year of Political Repression", 1996 Annual Report, Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, Dharamsala, pp. 5-11, 38-40.
59 Concluding Observations, op. cit., para. 40.
60 Written Replies, op. cit., reply to question 23, p.31.
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